This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is intended for research and development (R&D) at either (1) Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) 2 through 3 in Topic Area 1 or (2) TRL 4 through 6 in Topic Area 2, that will accelerate the development of thermochemical liquefaction technologies to produce a bio-oil feedstock from biomass considered to be a high-impact feedstock or from algal biomass. The bio-oil feedstock produced must be utilized within a petroleum refinery and leverage its existing capital for further processing to final fuels (such as renewable: gasoline, diesel, jet fuel) that will contribute to the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, Renewable Fuels Standard volumetric goals for advanced biofuels.